Why Quantum Matters Now – And Why Italy Cannot Stay on the Sidelines

In just a few years, quantum technologies have moved from theoretical physics seminars to cabinet tables and boardrooms. What was once a niche academic field is rapidly becoming a new strategic layer of global infrastructure, with direct consequences for energy, climate, security, finance and industrial competitiveness.

Public debate often reduces quantum to a single image: the futuristic computer that will “break all encryption”. But the emerging quantum ecosystem is much broader. It includes:
• Quantum computing and simulation, which could radically accelerate the discovery of new materials, batteries, catalysts and drugs;
• Quantum communication and post-quantum cryptography, essential to protect governments, finance and critical infrastructure from future cyber threats;
• Quantum sensing, enabling ultra-precise measurements for navigation, environmental monitoring, resource management and health;
• A new generation of quantum materials and photonic architectures that may allow more efficient, less energy-hungry computing.

At the same time, the convergence between quantum technologies and artificial intelligence is opening unprecedented possibilities in the energy–climate nexus: from optimising complex power grids with high shares of renewables, to simulating industrial processes for deep decarbonisation, to designing better systems for CO₂ capture and utilisation. Properly governed, quantum is not only a new consumer of energy; it can become a powerful enabler of net-zero.

This is why major regions are moving decisively. The European Union has framed quantum as a pillar of its technological sovereignty, while Gulf countries, including Saudi Arabia, are positioning themselves as early hubs of the quantum economy, linking it to Vision 2030, advanced energy systems and digital security.

For Italy, the question is not whether quantum will matter, but whether the country will help shape this transformation or merely adapt to decisions taken elsewhere. Italy brings to the table a rare combination: a strong physics and engineering tradition, a diversified industrial base, and a deep humanistic and ethical heritage.

Engaging seriously with quantum therefore means more than funding laboratories. It requires interdisciplinary platforms where scientists, policymakers, industry, ethicists and civil society work together; national roadmaps that connect quantum with industrial and climate strategy; and a clear commitment to human-centred, responsible innovation.

Ultimately, quantum is not only about qubits and algorithms. It is about who will define the rules, standards and values of a technology that will influence our societies for decades to come – and whether Europe and Italy will be among the authors of that future.